Starbucks Corporation - 1716 Words

Starbucks Corporation By Oybek Salimov Outline Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 1. Background of the company†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..4 2. Starbucks’s expansion.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..4 3. Risks associated with expansion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 4. Capital structure of the company†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 9 Reference †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦10 Appendix †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 11 Introduction Globalization greatly influenced businesses to expand worldwide. Cross boarder communications let people all around the world to exchange demand on services and products. Besides, countries opened boards to foreign investments. New type of business†¦show more content†¦(K.Subharda, 2006). Final strategic imperative was achieving competitive advantage of countries. In order to keep high demand for coffee and availability of high quality coffee beans the company began a Preferred Supplier program in 2001 to attract environmentally friendly farmers and reward for their high quality coffee beans. Joint ventures, licensing and wholly owned subsidiaries are modes that Starbuck chose to enter international markets. Table below shows countries the company moved in and types of mode it used in years 1996 to 2002. (K.Subharda, 2006) Table 1: Starbucks International presence Country | Type of Entry | Name of the Partner | Year | Canada | Wholly-owned subsidiary | Starbucks Coffee Canada | 1996 | Japan | Joint Venture | Sazaby Inc. | 1996 | Malaysia | Licensee | Berajaya Group bhd | 1998 | New Zealand | Licensee | Restaurant Brands | 1998 | Taiwan | Joint Venture | President Coffee Corp. | 1998 | Kuwait | Licensee | Alshaya | 1999 | Philippines | Licensee | Rustan’s Coffee Corp. | 2000 | Australia | Joint Venture | Markus Hofer | 2000 | Israel | Joint Venture | Delek Corporation** | 2001 | Austria | Licensee | Bon Appetit Group** | 2001 | Switzerland | Licensee | Bon Appetit Group** | 2001 | Germany | Joint Venture | Karstadt QualleShow MoreRelatedStarbucks Corporation12076 Words   |  49 Pages2003 Starbucks Corporation: Competing in a Global Market Starbucks Corporation is a Seattle, Washington-based coffee company. It buys, roasts, and sells whole bean specialty coffees and coffee drinks through an international chain of retail outlets. From its beginnings as a seller of packaged, premium specialty coffees, Starbucks has evolved into a firm known for its coffeehouses, where people can purchase beverages and food items as well as packaged whole bean and ground coffee. Starbucks is creditedRead MoreStarbucks Corporation2912 Words   |  12 Pagescovering the Starbucks Coffee Company which includes Starbucks Coffee Europe and Starbucks Coffee International. 2. Executive Summary Starbucks is the leader in the coffee retailing market, with purchasing and roasting top quality coffee beans. It has created a well respected brand with a dynamic image. The top quality coffee it offers, contributes to the â€Å"Starbucks Experience† that makes the company differentiating from its competitors. In order to understand the reasons behind Starbucks’ successRead MoreStarbucks Company : Starbucks Corporation2399 Words   |  10 PagesStarbucks Company Background Starbucks began in 1971 by launching its original store location in Seattle, Washington (Lemus, 2015). The Starbucks Corporation then began to encounter true success in the U.S. marketplace in the 1970s and 1980s. After working for 5 years in the operation sector at Starbucks Corporation, Howard Schultz bought the successful corporation in 1987. Shultz truly brought the company to a whole new reign by increasing the number of coffee shops from just 17 to 4,000 in simplyRead MoreAn Investigation Of Starbucks Corporation3930 Words   |  16 PagesStore system hobby is separating activity that will save any venture comprehend its set goals. Starbucks Corporation has its stores in different countries and supplies must reflect stock and enthusiasm to help avoid business flaw. As one of the association s techniques, it puts complement on deciding generation system demand procedure. The creating enthusiasm of its thing solicitations stiffer routines for operation to seal any drawing nearer danger of deficiency in supply and quick transport. ExtendedRead More The Starbucks Corporation Essay948 Words   |  4 Pages 1. Starbucks Corporations rise seems to be out of a storybook for Howard Schultz. Starbucks began selling whole bean coffee in 1971 under Jerry Baldwin, Zev Siegl, and Gordon Bowker. Business grew at a slow and steady pace until Schulz joined the company as manager of retail sales and marketing. After a visit to Milan, Italy, Schultz was inspired by a vision. He saw how important coffee was to the romantic culture of Italy. He believed that if Americans had such places to socialize over a cupRead MoreStarbucks Corporation ( Sbux )1876 Words   |  8 PagesStarbucks Corporation (SBUX) was founded in 1971, where the first Starbucks stored opened on March 30th, 1971. Starbucks was founded by Jerry Baldwin, Zev Siegel, and Gordon Bowker while attending University of San Francisco. After entrepreneur Alfred Peet taught them his style of roasting beans the three students were inspired and wanted to sell high-quality coffee beans and equipment by Peet. At first they were going to name the company Pequod, some co-founders did not like it then after they namedRead MoreStarbucks Corporation Essay2001 Words   |  9 PagesStarbucks Corporation Starbucks History: Starbucks’ opened its first store in 1971, at Pike Place Market in Seattle, by three partners Zev Siegel, Jerry Baldwin and Gordon Bowker. Starbucks opened with the intent of being a gourmet coffee bean retailer and coffee equipment seller. The Starbucks name and logo came from two influences; a character named Starbuck in the classic book, Moby Dick, and a mining camp on the base of Mt. Rainier called Starbo. These two influences were combined to createRead MoreStarbucks Corporation ( Loxcel Starbucks Map, 2016 Essay1207 Words   |  5 Pages STARBUCKS SATISH SARAVANAN VEERAVELU Northwest University: International Business BUSM 6123 11/1/2016 Professor Larry Walker â€Æ' Starbucks Corporation (Loxcel Starbucks Map, 2016) is an American coffee company and coffeehouse chain founded in Seattle, Washington in 1971. It operates 23,768 locations worldwide, including 13,107 in the United States, 2,204 in China, 1,418 in Canada, 1,160 in Japan and 872 in South Korea (as of Jan 8, 2016). Starbucks (Peet s rides coffee s third wave Read MoreStarbucks Corporation and Brand Loyalty955 Words   |  4 PagesStarbucks Corporation and Brand Loyalty In today’s highly competitive business markets, a consumer’s loyalty to a brand often adds reassurance to the company’s stable and lasting position in the marketing world. As the new year continues to unravel, brands must maintain strong marketing strategies in order to keep their current buyers interested as well as capture the eye of new buyers. Brand loyalty after all, is the consumer’s conscious and unconscious decision, expressed through intentionRead MoreMarketing Analysis : Starbucks Corporation1256 Words   |  6 PagesStarbucks Corporation is a globally well-known America company, who has been successfully maintained its stable loyal customer basis around the world. The company was initially established in Seattle, Washington, providing quality premium coffees with a superior level of customer service. The goal for Starbucks coffee is to grow under the highest standards of quality, using ethical sourcing practices, being dedicated in serving the world’s finest coffee and creating best customer experiences. Starbucks

Symbolic Analysis on Pauls Case - 4941 Words

Cather writes the short story Pauls Case in third person omniscient. Cather mainly focuses on Pauls point of view, but the thoughts and feelings of the teachers were very important in understanding Paul. Most people do not see their own faults and habits, so the teachers point of view was essential. Paul hates his whole life and is extremely depressed about his current situation. Everything that Paul experiences that is beyond his immediate daily life is so heavenly and extraordinarily beautiful to him. None of Pauls teachers care for him or his roguish behavior, but they also express that they dont fully comprehend Paul making them feel a little guilty for being so hard on him. The thoughts Paul had before he died werent the†¦show more content†¦It represents how Paul hopes that if he cant see anyone, than no one can see him because he just plainly would rather not be there. When Paul stares out the window, it expresses his desire to escape and try something new. The window closes him inside the life he wishes to leave. He wants to experience new opportunities outside his existing life. This last example indicates that Paul is screaming for attention, which he does not receive from anyone. His father and his teachers will only give him negative attention and authoritative instructions, which Paul thoroughly despises. The class clown is yet another role that Paul plays to cover up who he really is. The teachers compare Pauls eyes with those of a drug user, specifically belladonna, but then they describe a glassy glitter in his eyes, which that drug does not produce. There is a minor insinuation that Paul might be using drugs, such as when he envisions his world with a shuddering repulsion for the flavorless, colorless mass of everyday existence. He compares his depression to the come down of a Dubach, perhaps implying that he has experimented with drugs or alcohol in order to experience a spiritual enlightenment. The glassy glitter in his eyes represents the something that no-one understood about Paul. The teachers could not reach an agreement on the authentic cause of his disorderly and contemptuous behavior,Show MoreRelatedSame Sex Marriage Across The Whole World1507 Words   |  7 Pagespeople that interprets it? Marriage is viewed as a sacrament exclusive for a man and a woman, although nothing in the bible talks about homosexual identity, but instead talks about homosexual acts. This is why love between two people, along with the symbolic ceremony of marriage, shouldn’t be limited due to their sexual orientation. The most common reason as to why same-sex marriage is opposed is the defining characterization of marriage: the union of a man and a woman. 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The Black Clock located in the black room, symbolizing the passing of the Time that flies, and the inevitability of death. and the Red Death itsel f, coming like a thief in the night†, referring to the Bible’s reference in Pauls First Letter to the Thessalonians 5:4, in which Jesus will come when the world is least expecting it (like a thief in the night) to judge sinners for all of eternity. The characters in the story all try to ignore and escape death, escape theirRead MoreAnalysis Of Toni Morrison s Beloved Essay2424 Words   |  10 Pagespeople during slavery. Beloved begins with the identity of the house which is characterized by a number. The house is given a temperament as if it is a living, breathing entity and yet it still referred to as a number. The significance of this is symbolic to the plight of the black slaves. Regarded as little above the common animal, slaves were defined by their selling price, essentially they were reduced to a number. 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Our analysis is grounded in Norman Faircloughs assumptions in critical discourse analysis, claiming that ideologies reside in texts that it is not possible to read off ideologies from texts and that texts are open to diverse interpretationsRead MoreEssay on Bill Gates: a Leader in Innovative Technology4476 Words   |  18 PagesCorporation into a world giant. Definition of Terms Terms that will be mentioned will be abbreviated throughout. Examples would be MS-DOS, which means Microsoft Disk Operating System. The definition of BASIC simply stands for Beginner’s All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code. Personal Computer will be abbreviated PC. 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Case Study of Video and Website Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Video and Website Planning process Answer: Planning process adopted by managers in organizations An effective planning helps the business organization to grow and enhances the performance of both the organizational and the individual performance; however a wrong planning can also lead in harming the performance of the organization. Explanation of the Topic Sentence Managing different individuals in an effective way is a expertise that requires a continuous planning and further development. Jeston and Nelis (2014) indicated thatmanagement is always concerned regarding the best accomplishment of the organizational objectives and goals. Therefore the manager needs to develop skills to drive all the individual performances toward a common goal. According to Harper (2015) themanagement of a business organization is the procedure where all the resources such as technology, human resources, jobs and other resources are coordinated and combined in an effective manner so that the organization is capable in achieving the organizational goals and objectives. Booth (2015) have opined that in doing so, the manager should have a proper planning that would help him or her in reaching the goals. The planning generally consists of five major steps where each of the steps is significant in completing the entire process. Themanagement planning within the business organization consists of setting the goals, developing the commitment of the employees towards the goals, developing an effective action plan, tracking the progress of the entire procedure towards the achievement of goal and retaining the flexibility in the entire planning process. In this section, the planning procedure will be discussed with the help of various literatures. Setting the goal Every planning within the business organization includes a certain goal and objective, therefore as Hill, Jones and Schilling (2014) indicated the first step of an effectual planning is to set the goals. However, for having a well organized strategy the goal should be challenging and specific. Precise goals provide the aim for the employees so that the manager can evaluate and measure their individual performance with a standard. According to Galliers and Leidner (2014) having effective goals for the organization, the manager should also follow the SMART guideline. This guideline involves the goals to Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic and Timely. While setting the goals the goals need to be specific and clear so that the employees of the organization can focus their efforts on the goal. The goals should also be measurable so that the manager can track the progress towards the goals. In addition to that, the goals should also be attainable and realistic so that the manager h as an idea of identifying the unnoticed opportunities within the organization and accomplish the goals (Chang 2016). Also, having realistic goals is essential so that it aligns with the other realistic and relevant goals. The goals should also be timely so that the employees have a deadline for focusing, therefore working hard towards it. Developing a sense of commitment towards the goals According to Channon and Jalland (2016) the business organization is responsible in setting the goals along with developing the sense of commitment of the employees towards the goal. The commitment towards the goal is the determination that helps the employees to achieve the goal. However as Chang (2016) opined that this commitment does not grow in an automatic way within the employees. The managers should influence the employees in a way so that they grow a sense of commitment towards the goal and commit to it. Hill, Jones and Schilling (2014) states that, the most common approach of doing this is to set the goals in a way that all the employees participate to it. If there is not adequate commitment the plan may lead to failure. Developing an effective action plan This can be the third step of developing an effective planning within the business organization. Wilton (2016) states that the action plan should contain the particular stages, the responsible employees, necessary resources and the specific time frame for achieving the goal, or else the plan may lead to failure. Tracking the progress of the entire procedure According to Paill et al. (2014) tracking the development can be done by two different ways; the first one is to set the long and short term goals so that the employees stay motivated towards the final goal, and the second way is to assemble and provide the employees their performance feedback regularly. Both the methods can be effective to keep the track of the progress. Retaining the flexibility The managers should remind that action plans can be inadequately visualized previously; therefore the manager should be flexible enough so that if there is some necessary changes, it should welcomed in a positive manner. Therefore it can be understood that the planning process needs to be well organized so that it leads the organization in further improvement and enhanced the individual performance of the employees. Application of relevant frameworks As stated by Jackson, Schuler and Jiang (2014) the strategic planning within an organization should involve well organized stages such as the planning and implementation stages. The below figure describes the model that acknowledges the nature of the planning. Figure 1: Strategic Planning Process Model Source: Hill, Jones and Schilling (2014) This model shows that the planning process needs to be adequately effective so that the managers can implement the entire process within the organization to meet the organizational goal. Conclusion In conclusion it can be said that the manager should plan the entire process following different approaches while being adequately flexible with the action plans, so that the necessary changes can be made. With the help of a rational decision making process, the manager would be able to make the organization reach its goals. However, the manager should also plan to avoid any kind of possible conflicts so that the employees do not deviate from their objective. An effective planning can make the organization successful, however at the same time from the previous discussion it can be understood that if the plan is not adequately effectual, it may lead to failure as well. Summary of Ferguson Plarres organizational history Ferguson Plarre Bakehouses has an interesting organizational story as the founders of the organization have their root back in England. However both the families had settled in Australia decades earlier. Later they had opened the caf which has retailed the European style bakehouses after surviving through several ups and downs such as the Great Depression and the World Wars. The families had their significant share of contribution to the field of baking; therefore later they had merged into one organization and became the Ferguson Plarre Bakehouses during 1980 (Fergusonplarre.com.au. 2017). The organization is one of the famous baking firms with their incredible desserts, meat pies, and the wedding and birthday cakes. After around two hundred years of experiences the organization is one of the leading one in the market place. The organization had started franchising in the year 1987, where the other members of their families wanted to open individual and independent stores. Therefore they had come up with the legal processes and legal contracts that gave the members right to use the name of the business and the entire system. Initially the system was only the part of the family members, however soon the organization started giving franchise to the non family members as well. The organization started giving out the non family members franchise since 1990 and since then the numbers of stores increased and it still keeps on growing. Ferguson Plarres approach to goal setting The organization has been in the industry over hundred years. The organization has faced several challenges that had weakened the organization yet it has been maintained its business and track record since its initial days. The organization had accepted all the changes and modified its business approaches accordingly. The organization has maintained a top down approach in set the goals as the prime responsibility is always on the higher management; however the employees are valued within the organization as well. The organization has always followed the SMART goals in order to set the goals and they have always set the measurable specific goals, so that the management can stick to the realistic goals that are relevant to the time and the goals are met within a certain time frame. The organization has also been flexible throughout, so that it can incorporate the necessary changes to the action plan considering the situation of the market. Tracking progress toward goal achievement Ferguson Plarre track the achievement of the goals as it is one of the essential steps for accomplishing the organizational goals. The organization always tracks the regular progress adhering to the bigger picture. While reflecting upon the goal of the organization the organization tends to look at the long term goals and tracks its progress. Also the organization tends to stick to its measured goals; however it is always open to adapt different changes within the model. It has met several challenges so far yet the management believes that those had only made the organization stronger. With the increasing competition, the organization has improved its product quality and improved its product range as well. References Anderson, D.L., 2016.Organization development: The process of leading organizational change. Sage Publications. Booth, S.A., 2015.Crisis management strategy: Competition and change in modern enterprises. Routledge. Chang, J.F., 2016.Business process management systems: strategy and implementation. CRC Press. Channon, D.F. and Jalland, M., 2016.Multinational strategic planning. Springer. Fergusonplarre.com.au. (2017). Birthday Cakes, Celebration Cakes, Sweets Savouries Online | Ferguson Plarre Bakehouses. [online] Available at: https://www.fergusonplarre.com.au [Accessed 31 May 2017]. Galliers, R.D. and Leidner, D.E., 2014.Strategic information management: challenges and strategies in managing information systems. Routledge. Harper, C., 2015.Organizations: Structures, processes and outcomes. Routledge. Hill, C.W., Jones, G.R. and Schilling, M.A., 2014.Strategic management: theory: an integrated approach. Cengage Learning. Jackson, S.E., Schuler, R.S. and Jiang, K., 2014. An aspirational framework for strategic human resource management.The Academy of Management Annals,8(1), pp.1-56. Jeston, J. and Nelis, J., 2014.Business process management. Routledge. Mellor, S., Hao, L. and Zhang, D., 2014. Additive manufacturing: A framework for implementation.International Journal of Production Economics,149, pp.194-201. Paill, P., Chen, Y., Boiral, O. and Jin, J., 2014. The impact of human resource management on environmental performance: An employee-level study.Journal of Business Ethics,121(3), pp.451-466. Wilton, N., 2016.An introduction to human resource management. Sage. Answer:

The Peculiarity of Class Stratification

Introduction Nowadays there are only a few communities which can be regarded as non-class societies. There hardly can be found a state which is not characterized by class stratification. Nevertheless, people still cannot agree on basic points concerning class stratification: the definition of class, origins of classes emerging. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Peculiarity of Class Stratification specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Thus, there are several theories explaining what the class is and why did classes appear. The only idea that all people share is that the existence of classes is a specific form of inequality. The essence of this inequality becomes transparent when comparing non-class and class societies. Theories concerning class existence In the first place it can be helpful to focus on the class theories provided by scholars. Thus, conventional Marxist approach to the class definition which can be f ormulated as follows: â€Å"a relationship to the tools, labor and materials needed for necessary productions† (Gailey, 1985, p. 67). Basically, property and access to gaining income determine class stratification (Weber, 1998). However, this approach was developed and rethought be many scholars. For instance, stated that anthropologist Morton Fried, who was regarded as a Marxist approach supporter, transformed the definition and made the major stress on â€Å"unequal access to the basic resources that sustain life† (qtd. in Gailey, 1985, p. 67). As far as the class existence is concerned, some scholars (Fried is one of them) suppose that the major factor of class emerging was population pressure. Gailey (1985) points out that another scholar, Esther Boserup, suggested that the development of agriculture led to population growth, which in its turn caused class stratification. Nevertheless, Gailey (1985) claims that such theories are quite equivocal since population pr essure has little to do with class stratification. For instance, Wrigley argues that European industrial revolution, which is regarded as one of the most potent factors of class stratification, was accompanied by population decrease. Admittedly, the theories differ in some points. However, it is possible to note the thing which they all have in common: class stratification is one of the types of inequality. It is based on certain economical factors.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The difference between the class stratification and other kinds of inequalities To understand the essence of class stratification it is important to juxtapose it to other types of inequality such as gender inequality or status segregation (existence of castes). As has been mentioned above the class stratification is based on economical development of the society. At the same time, gender inequality is â€Å"associated with masculinity† (Gailey, 1987, p. 32). Thus, there are two groups: males and females. Males are regarded as a privileged group. This kind of inequality is based on historical factors. According to Gailey (1987) patriarchic societies grew from the assumption that aggressiveness, strength and power are characteristic features of masculinity, while females were characterized by patience and obedience. Another type of inequality is status inequality, i.e. the existence of castes. It was developed on the basis of ethnic segregation (Weber, 1998). After certain relationships between ethnic groups some started enjoying power and others became deprived of numerous rights. It is important to point out that this kind of inequality is also historically determined. More so, people do not have much of a choice, they are born to pertain to certain group. After having compared the three types of inequality it possible to state that class stratification is more flexible. For instance, an individual can pertain to one class when born and then appear in many classes throughout his her life. Thus, a person can be born in a poor family than obtain certain education and even become a white-collar worker, then becoming a rich person. Of course, the person can become a bankrupt and these transformations can take place many times. Admittedly, as far as gender and ethnic segregation are concerned, such shifts from one group to another are much more difficult to implement. Class and non-class societies Of course, it may seem that the modern world is full of such inequalities. Nevertheless, there were times when there were no classes. In fact, even nowadays it is possible to find communities which live in non-class societies. The main difference between class and non-class societies is that class societies are individualistic or individual-oriented and non-class societies are collectivistic, i.e. they are dependent on their collective labor (Leacock, 1982). I n class societies many people do not produce anything but fulfill certain tasks. They buy products for money they gain. In non-class societies people used to produce what they needed and/or changed their goods on something they did not produce but needed. Thus, tribes produced food and could change it for cloths produced by other tribes. Admittedly, nowadays it is hard to imagine that such schemes are possible since the development of societies has led to class stratification.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Peculiarity of Class Stratification specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Conclusion In conclusion, class stratification is based on economical factors. The major factor which influenced the class stratification was the development of societies (mainly economical development). It differs from other types of inequality by its flexibility. Reference List Gailey, C.W. (1985). The State of the State in Anthropol ogy. Dialectical Anthropology, 9(1-4), 65-89. Gailey, C.W. (1987). Evolutionary Perspectives on Gender Hierarchy. In B.B. Hess M.M. Ferree (Eds.), Analyzing Gender: A Handbook of Social Science Research (pp. 32-68). Beverly Hills: Sage Publications. Leacock, E.B. (1982). Relations of Production in Band Society. In E.B. Leacock R.B. Lee (Eds.), Politics and History in Band Societies (pp. 159-171). New York: CUP. Weber, M. (1998). Class, Status, Party. In R.F. Levine (Ed.), Social Class and Stratification: Classic Statements and Theoretical Debates (pp. 43-57). Boston: Rowman Littlefield. This essay on The Peculiarity of Class Stratification was written and submitted by user Celeste K. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Thesis Essay On Korn Essays - Korn, Music, Converts To Christianity

Thesis Essay On Korn Essays - Korn, Music, Converts To Christianity Thesis Essay On Korn 1, 2, 3, and I come from the wicked style you know that Im from the wicked crew, act like you knew.... Korn, the mere word means so much to so many people. They are one of the pioneers in todays modern rock world. Theyre also a band that many fans look to with their meaningful lyrics and awesome sound. Korn is by far the best modern rock band in music today due to their music, sound, lives, and performances. Out of the small town of Bakersfield, California, in the early nineties, came a sound. A faint whisper at first, it grew in force and intensity with time, unhindered by the yapping mouths of politicians and parents alike. It rang in their ears. It plagued their minds. It genuinely terrified them. The voice, talking in low-tuned rhythmic tones, spoke for a generation that would have no more of modern America and its leaders. A generation fed-up with lies, violence and greed from their own society. It grew and grew as more and more people realized the veracity of its claims, and adhered to its cause. The politicians grew fearful, and attempted to end its spread by censoring and denouncing. Little did they know that, six years later, that small whisper would grow into a deafening scream, a disturbingly present reminder of its own existence, and of its legions of followers... Led by Jonathan Davis under vocals and bag pipes, Munky under guitars, Head also behind a guitar, Fieldy behind the bass and David Silveria behind the drums. This sound revolutionized todays music. Through Korns lyrics, we hear their lives and what they have gone through. A reason why many people like Korn is because their lives can relate to many peoples because they were never fed with silver spoons, and they had family. social, and personal problems too. I think its real good that, that is who they are and they let people know that they went through the same things as many other people have to go through, and that they arent afraid to say. Which also makes people like them too, because it helps to know that somebody that big went through these things and made it through. And not only made it through but also made it big. Which is good to know because you can look at them and how they set their dreams and than look at your dreams and go for them. Another thing that helps people around here is that theyre local. They came from the same places as we do and they made it in this world. It just shows that it doesnt matter where you come from, it matters if you want it and want to go through the trouble to work for it. That and you can be proud that you can say that somebody that famous comes from around the same place you do. Especially if you like them. Through their music, they tell about real life scenarios, their lives, and other controversial things. I think that people like Korns music for many reasons. I think some like it because its just what other people like it or just because its rock and you cant really like modern rock without liking Korn. which is sad because Korn is such and awesome band. and that its sad to not truly appreciate a band and just like them because its the cool thing to do. Also fans like Korns music because of their lyrics. People like that lyrics because of the way they flow and some people like them because of their maturity or volgerness. Which is sad because you should like any music for that reason. The audience also like the musics meanings. Not just the lyrics meanings because music does not just have meaning by the words in it, but you can find the meaning in the sounds. You can feel anger, happiness, sadness, excited, many emotions through the music. People like this because when youre depressed you can listen to something happy. Or when you need to relate to someone but have no one maybe you can relate to the music, or if youre sad you could listen to a uplifting song or you might want to listen to sad music to relate. The fans are also attracted to their sound. This pioneering sound that came from Bakersfield in 1996 was different from everyone else. They were the first of their kind, the

Free Essays on Ceasars Legion

Critique On The Book Ceasar's Legion Stephen Dando-Collins. Caesars’ Legion: The Epic Saga of Julius Caesar’s Elite Tenth and the Armies of Rome. New York: John Weiley & Sons, Inc. 2002. They were the most famous and accomplished military unit of their day, raised personally by Juluis Caesar as the first step in his relentless quest for power and glory. Caesar’s Tenth Legion took the lead role in all their battles, from their bloody initiation in Spain and Portugal to the conquest of Gaul, the invasion of Britain, and the battles of the Civil War. Stephan Dando-Collins provides and extraordinary detailed history of the Tenth Legion- it’s officers, it’s men, and it’s incredible string of victories, which continued even after Caesar’s death with the siege of Jerusalem. Based on the author’s thirty years of painfulness research into the Roman military, using sources ranging from classical texts to tombstone inscriptions. The ambitious Roman military built reputations through conquest, raw recruits, became harden foot soldiers, and the Tenth Legion became a killing machine. Marching, digging, charging, ramming down gates, s caling battles, storming through towns and villages, and slaughtering anyone whom stood in their way. Dando-Collins reveals unknown details about Roman military practices, conducts as a commander from Julius Caesar and his relationship with officers and legionaries. Stephan Dando-Collins is an Australian-born researcher, editor, and author who has spend the last three decades identifying and studying the individual legions of the Roman army of the late Republic and the empire of the Caesars. Collins 30 years research of the Roman army concentrates on the legions from 30B.C. - 233A.D. emphasizing on the Roman elite Legio X. Collins major topics are the Battle of Munda, saving the Swiss, overrunning the Germans, the conquest of Gaul, the invasion of Britain, the Battle of Pharalus, the murd... Free Essays on Ceasar's Legion Free Essays on Ceasar's Legion Critique On The Book Ceasar's Legion Stephen Dando-Collins. Caesars’ Legion: The Epic Saga of Julius Caesar’s Elite Tenth and the Armies of Rome. New York: John Weiley & Sons, Inc. 2002. They were the most famous and accomplished military unit of their day, raised personally by Juluis Caesar as the first step in his relentless quest for power and glory. Caesar’s Tenth Legion took the lead role in all their battles, from their bloody initiation in Spain and Portugal to the conquest of Gaul, the invasion of Britain, and the battles of the Civil War. Stephan Dando-Collins provides and extraordinary detailed history of the Tenth Legion- it’s officers, it’s men, and it’s incredible string of victories, which continued even after Caesar’s death with the siege of Jerusalem. Based on the author’s thirty years of painfulness research into the Roman military, using sources ranging from classical texts to tombstone inscriptions. The ambitious Roman military built reputations through conquest, raw recruits, became harden foot soldiers, and the Tenth Legion became a killing machine. Marching, digging, charging, ramming down gates, s caling battles, storming through towns and villages, and slaughtering anyone whom stood in their way. Dando-Collins reveals unknown details about Roman military practices, conducts as a commander from Julius Caesar and his relationship with officers and legionaries. Stephan Dando-Collins is an Australian-born researcher, editor, and author who has spend the last three decades identifying and studying the individual legions of the Roman army of the late Republic and the empire of the Caesars. Collins 30 years research of the Roman army concentrates on the legions from 30B.C. - 233A.D. emphasizing on the Roman elite Legio X. Collins major topics are the Battle of Munda, saving the Swiss, overrunning the Germans, the conquest of Gaul, the invasion of Britain, the Battle of Pharalus, the murd...

What are the sources of your political beliefs Essay

What are the sources of your political beliefs - Essay Example I always believe that there is a strong sense of value when one is engaged with political conversations. It is my stand that having the appropriate information of the subject matter will always pave the way for a meaningful understanding at one’s end. Therefore, it is my point that the advancement of communication channels today is a very important source of information primarily in building up the individual’s political beliefs. Furthermore, it is my belief that the environment plays a crucial role on one’s way of life and actual mind set. Here where I believe race and religion at some point, could be essential factors that could help us explain why a person behaves the way he does. The work at hand therefore considers the media, race and religion as significant sources of political beliefs, primarily of the proponent. Societal modernization is said to shape political culture. I agree with this point. It is a common trend from the past that people acquire substa ntial learning about politics and government from television and newspapers. There is a great influence that these media brought to the people’s level of knowledge and belief concerning their existing political culture. Today, the same trend goes on, but there is already inclusion of modern communication system by the aid of cutting-edge communication gadgets. With mobile communication devices that readily connect to one of the most dynamic sources of information today, the internet, people have the ability to connect with the latest political information in the world from almost everywhere. Let us add to the list the coming to life of social networking platforms like Facebook and Twitter that also have significant impact on how an individual may socialize and readily connect to different tribes and tongues around the world. These social networking programs have important contribution to how political information may be imparted from one person to another. These platforms pro vide the opportunity for everyone to express their opinion on the subject matter, allowing others to react and also direct their point of views. Eventually, social networking activities create an environment that at some point may be conducive for substantial learning and expounding of one’s opinions or ideas. Through these, people may potentially acquire the appropriate matter or the so desired information prior to understanding the whole political point of views. Let us take the case for instance of how someone might agree with the political thought linked to the issue of same-sex marriage in the US. There are various groups trying to showcase certain level of advocacy for the legalization of same-sex marriage. These groups have the opportunity to express themselves by establishing networks of friends on the social networking platforms. Here is where everyone has the opportunity to jump right in and engage in a two-way conversation process that provides the occasion to stre ngthen their prevailing political stand on the issue at hand. There may be disagreements along the way, but the entire process is expected to result to something by which people may have to stick on a clear perspective of the subject matter and stand still on their conviction. This only illustrates the idea that the modern media have the great chance to keep everyone highly involved in political-related matters, as these could be the very sources of their political beliefs. This thought is supported by the recent research studies emphasizing that media exposure provides impact in â€Å"shaping the public’s political knowledge, attitudes and behavior† (Innovations for Poverty Action). However, these studies may have significant limitation, which is the linked overestimation of the impacts of media influence as far as people’s pre-existing views is concerned. Here where my second point comes in. The second point is that my personal upbringing coming from my extern al environment provides the opportunity f

Poverty and Pollution Case Study Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Poverty and Pollution Case Study - Term Paper Example In later part of 20th century, the industrialization process was still young in the developing world, and so they were not in a position to change gear and switch to environmentally friendly technology. Many developing countries are still not able to tackle the problem of environmental pollution because it is not economically feasible for them to invest in environmental friendly technology. The issue of environmental pollution will be discussed in the paper with regards to developing countries. A global plan for pollution control will also be laid down in the end of the paper. Third world countries are more prone to environmental pollution than the developed countries because businesses in the third-world countries pay little heed towards environmental concern (Taylor, 2002). The moral repercussions of environmental pollution in the third-world countries are substantial. When businesses pollute the oceans, rivers, lands, and atmosphere of third world countries, they indirectly affect the health of the inhabitants of those countries. This is why the act of pollution can never be ethically justified. Environmental pollution in the third-world countries can also not be justified through argument of economic progress. There is no doubt that industries and businesses offer employment opportunities to local people which is instrumental in improving their living standards. But this opportunity comes at the price of their health and this cannot be ethical. Basic ethics demands that every person is given employment opportunity without compromising his health or the health of others. When businesses pollute the environment of a third-world country, they endanger the health of the people of that country. This is why there is not sound ethical justification for doing so. Businesses in the third-world countries have many reasons to ignore pollution control. The cost of investing in environmentally friendly equipment is extremely

Explain Anselm’s Ontological Argument Essay Example for Free

Explain Anselm’s Ontological Argument Essay Explain Anselm’s ontological argument. The ontological argument was put forth at first as a prayer by the eleventh century monk and philosopher Anselm of Canterbury. In his Proslogion, which means discourse, he presented this argument as a prayer for believers to substantiate their belief in god. Anselm uses ‘a priori’ (which means before experience) reasoning, which conveys that it does not rely or depend on experience and so an argument of this sort is more plausible and likely to intrigue and attract philosophers, by not depending on experience or acquaintances it can be understood and derived purely from logic. Furthermore its truth doesn’t depend on anything apart from logic and can be deduced purely from the meaning of the words used in the argument. The ontological argument uses deductive reasoning, which means its conclusion is contained within the premises presented, and if one accepts these premises to be true then one must accept that the conclusion is also correct; an argument of this sort would be: 1. Men are all mortal. 2. Renà © Descartes was a man. 3. Consequently Renà © Descartes is mortal. From this example if we accept the premises (12) then logically we must accept the conclusion (3) so in some form this argument presents a guarantee of the truth of the conclusion. Anselm’s argument said ‘God is that than which nothing greater can be conceived’, by greater he means perfect and by conceived he means to think of, so we can put in other words: God is that than which nothing more perfect can be thought of. When Anselm first wrote this in the Proslogion, his intentions for this were not for it to be used as an argument to prove God’s existence but just a mere prayer for believers, but due to his reliance solely on reason and logic it has become popular and has overcome the test of time as it is still relevant today and is being studied. The argument can take this form: 1. God is that than which nothing more perfect can be thought of. 2. Even a fool can understand this definition. (By fool Anselm most likely meant someone who does not believe in god, and so he said this to show that  this argument is nothing of a complex sort but of a simple nature which can be comprehended by anyone, even a fool as Anselm said.) 3. This fool says that god ceases to exist in reality, merely as an idea. 4. It is greater to exist both in the understanding and in reality, than essentially just in the understanding. 5. The greatest possible being, for it to be the greatest must truly exist in both modes: reality and understanding. 6. Hence god does exist both in reality and in the understanding; therefore we can also conclude that the fool in reality is actually a fool. (The fool is denying the existence of the greatest possible being, this being must exist for it to be the greatest possible being, and if he wasn’t the greatest possible being then surely we could conceive of something greater.) Anselm starts the argument with a definition, and uses this definition to prove god into existence, however this argument relies on a particular definition and analysis of a particular one. There are two fundamental and paramount facets to this argument: one is the understanding of the definition, this is an integral part of the argument, because the argument arises from this start point, and also that it is greater to exist both in reality and in understanding. Anselm understood god in an analytical sense, analytic sense is where the whole meaning of a word or statement is transferred through the words only, like for example, Tom has a brother, you wouldn’t say he has a brother who is a male because the fact that he is a male is already conveyed through the meaning of the word brother. And so likewise, Anselm understood god in the same way, so it isn’t necessary to say ‘god, you know exists’ the aspect of existence is already given away from the word god, and so in a way could be perceived as inseparable from god. This argument mentioned hitherto was found in Proslogion 2, which tried to prove gods existence. A contemporary of his, Gaunilo of Marmoutier who was a monk and also a theist, replied to Anselm’s Proslogion, with a work titled ‘On Behalf of the Fool’, he was truly also a Christian and had a firm belief in god, but he rejected the jump from the definition that god is the greatest being to the conclusion that he must exist. Gaunilo claimed that through Anselm’s reasoning we can potentially prove anything one wishes into  existence by proposing it’s the greatest thing or maximally perfect in its calibre. He used the example of an Island, that if we were to say that there existed an island which was the most excellent and possessed an inestimable wealth, we can easily understand this; even a fool can comprehend this. And therefore it is the most excellent, and it is more excellent to exist both in reality and in understanding moreover this island must exist. He argued even a fool is right to be sceptical about Anselm’s argument, as evidence is required for a matter as great as god. Furthermore he went on to claim that Anselm’s argument is a ‘reducto ad absurdum’, this is Latin for reduced to absurdity. As Anselm was aware of this criticism during his lifetime, he wrote a Reply to Gaunilo, in this he defends his argument and draws up another aspect. He says ‘God cannot be conceived not to exist†¦ That which can be conceived not to exist is not god’. This introduces another matter; Anselm asks whether a god is greater who can be thought of as not existing or a god which cannot be thought of not existing. Furthermore he claims that it is a contradiction for a god who can be thought of not existing if he truly is the greatest possible. Anselm created a dichotomy between the concepts of things: necessary and contingent existences. Anselm himself didn’t use these aforementioned terms himself but were later applied by philosophers but Anselm did split the two as he described the island as physical and therefore he could easily propose that it could cease to exist due to other physical causes like for example the sea levels rising could eradicate the island completely. However he said that it is impossible to imagine the greatest being not existing or ceasing to exist, and then surely it would not be the greatest being. Necessary existences do not depend on any other thing for it to exist, as it is the greatest thing so it is not predisposed to anything else. On the other hand, contingent existences do depend on other things and also there was a time when they didn’t exist, like for example humans, who are a perfect example of a contingent being. However Anselm argued that god was a necessary being, and it cannot be thought of as not existing, it has always exists and always will. It is rather hard to conceive of another necessary being or existence  apart from this. Anselm put forward this proposition in Proslogion 3, that god has a necessary existence, and this is the type of god that he is, in this way Anselm shows that Gaunilo was a fool as he didn’t understand the type of god that Anselm discussed.

The Lady in Black and the Lovers in The Awakening :: Chopin Awakening Essays

The Lady in Black and the Lovers in The Awakening Kate Chopin's The Awakening is a terrific read and I am hardly able to put it down! I am up to chapter XV and many of the characters are developing in very interesting ways. Edna is unfulfilled as a wife and mother even though she and her husband are financially well off. Her husband, Leonce Pontellier, is a good husband and father but he has only been paying attention to his own interests. At this point he is unaware of the fact that his wife's needs are not being met. Robert and the other characters are equally intriguing but something else has piqued my interest. Some of Chopin's characters are not fully developed. I know that these are important characters because they are representative of specific things; they are metaphoric characters. In particular, I've noticed the lovers and the lady in black. I'm fascinated by the fact that both the lovers and the lady in black are completely oblivious to the rest of the world. They are also in direct contrast with e ach another. For this week's reader response I am taking a different approach. Rather than analyzing the main characters, I will examine the lovers and the lady in black. The lady in black is first mentioned in Chapter I. Mr. Pontellier is surveying the cottages when he notices that a lady in black is walking demurely up and down, with her beads (468). In this example the rosary beads suggest that the lady in black is religious. I believe that this character is a symbol of religion. While everyone else is relaxing, she is busy praying. It is also worth noting that there are several passages which suggest that Edna is rebelling from her religious upbringing. For example, just after we meet the lovers, Edna shares a memory with Madame Ratignolle. She describes herself walking through a meadow as a young girl. She says, "Likely as not it was Sunday... and I was running away from prayers, from the Presbyterian service, read in a spirit of gloom by my father that chills me yet to think of it" (480). Similar to the description of her fathers service, the lady in black is serious and serene.

Author/Mother Relationships Essay

It is very important to have a good relationship with at least one of your parents. You need to be able to share memories of your childhood with the people who raised you. I believe that sharing childhood stories with your parents gives you a connection to a relationship based on trust, emotion and sincerity. In Tony Ardizzone’s short story â€Å"My Mother’s Stories,† Tony tells the reader of his relationship with his mother while she is very sick in the hospital. Throughout the story Tony talks about childhood memories with his mother and he also describes the stories that she is telling to him. I think that through his memories and their stories together the reader is able to imagine and relate to the relationship between Tony and his mother, Mary. We first begin to see the feelings between the author and his mother at the end of the fourth paragraph of the story. Talking about his mother’s stories, he says â€Å"For now the sounds and pictures are my sounds and pictures. Her memory, my memory.† (Ardizzone, 117) You can tell from these sentences that Tony feels very connected to the memories that he shares with his mother. Throughout the story, his mother tells Tony stories about her wedding day, the births of all her children, and other stories from when they were younger. Tony also recalls several memories he has with his family and his mother. It seems like these are events that he remembers often but seems to recall more clearly now that it is nearing the end of his mother’s life. I think it means a lot that his mother felt like she should share these things with her children. It shows that Tony and his mother are very comfortable with each other. Towards the end of the story Tony describes a time from when he was younger. Mary protects her children from seeing a very sick dog get put down by a police officer. Tony says â€Å"We try to look out the windows too, but she pushes the five of us away. No, she says. I don’t want any of you to see this.† (Ardizzone, 125) She tries to protect Tony and his siblings from having to witness death: something terribly awful but of course, inevitable. I think that it is ironic that this is the last story that Tony imagines while his mother is in the hospital. It is ironic because in the story his mother is trying to shield him from seeing something die and sometime very soon Tony might have to see death take over his mother. He is not entirely sure how he would deal with this real fact. I think that this last story shows the reader that his mother really cared about her family and is protective. Since we get this feeling from â€Å"My Mother’s Stories† it shows us that Tony and his mother portrayed their relationship from their stories and memories. Tony and his mother share a relationship that is full of trust and emotions. The connection between the author and his mother is revealed to the reader or listener through the memorable events in their lives. These stories get brought to the surface of Tony’s memories at this point in his life because his mother is now very sick and is in the hospital. Recalling these precious memories can show people the type of relationship he shared with his mother and remind the audiences of the connections within their own families.

Roger Mcgough Poem Analysi

Roger McGough was a well-known British poet who has written a lot of poems about inequality, life and unfairness between social classes. I have chosen to discuss and compare the following poem â€Å"The Commission†, â€Å"Nooligan† and â€Å"Streemin† of Roger McGough. The three poems I have chosen are mainly written in the area of inequality of this world and the unfairness of social class. In â€Å"The Commission† Roger McGough has written the contrast of the different social class and the difference between the wealthy and the poor. In the poem he wrote â€Å"In this poem there is a table.Groaning with food. There is also a child, Groaning for lack of food† this clearly stated out the different between the wealthy and the poor. In â€Å"Nooligan† he criticises the use of violence and bullying in school, he used the following lines â€Å"I’m a Nooligan don’t give a toss, in our class I’m the boss† to tell to the audience that everyone is born equal, no one should be hurt or to be treated differently to others. In the poem â€Å"Streemin† Roger McGough again criticises the inequality between the different social classes by using â€Å"But all these divishns aren’t reely fair†.Roger McGough’s poem is always very relaxed and smooth, never intense. Most of the time he seems like he is talking to himself or into his own deep thinking. In â€Å"The Commission† he used rhyme over the whole poem, with the relax tone, he presented his theme of the inequality like he was telling the audience about one of his dreams. However he used rhyming in the poem â€Å"Nooligan† to create a sense of humours, describing a bully in school, he presents his idea nicely to audience while giving them some fun.The poem â€Å"Streemin† isn’t written in formal language, slangs and short forms are used, this give the audience an idea that the person isn’t real ly educated, which presents his purpose for this poem perfectly. After reading Roger McGough’s poem, I have learned a lot about life and this world. His poem told me that everybody are born in to this world equally and that no one should be treated like slaves, no matter of this social class, skin colour, culture background or the wealth and poor.He presented this to the audience through his poem â€Å"The commission† in the first 4 lines of the first stanza. In the 2nd stanza Roger McGough have written that there was a photographer draws â€Å"a little Asian girl, Naked, wide-eyed, pleading† he points out the unfairness in this world very clear and sharp with just one sentence. After reading and a little thinking of the poem, I feel really tempered about the unfairness in this world and even a little sadness, I think this was also what the poet felt while he wrote down this poem.From his poem â€Å"Nooligan† it teaches me that everyone should deserve hap piness in this world, because to be born into this world and determined that they are going to die sooner or later was not a child’s choice, it was not their choice to be born in to a violence family, it was not their fault that the parents are devoiced. Therefore I think that everyone who was born into this world deserves to have their own happiness and no one should have the power to take it away from them. Roger McGough was writing about the bullies in school in this poem, they hurt people.The rhyme used in this poem have turned mood very humorous and he used the humorous to present to the audience about the bullies in his eyes. â€Å"Streemin† was one of the shortest poems Roger McGough has written. He described the feelings of the lower social class with just a few sentences. In the last stanza he written â€Å"But all these divishns arnt reely fair look at the cemetery no Streemin there† presents his idea of how the lower social class look at this world. T hey have not been educated, but this does not make them less of a person.They think it’s not fair that they have to be treated differently to all the other people who live in this world just because they don’t like reading and can hardly write. After reading Roger McGough’s poem I feel like I have learned a lot about this society, good side and bad side. I would strongly recommend Roger McGough’s to a young adult, or people who are about to walk into this society, because his poem taught me a lot of things and this might benefit people in a lot of ways. And personally I really like his poems, like the way he presents his ideas and like his idea about this society

population and food essays

population and food essays  ¡The United Nations projects that the global population, currently at 6 billion, will peak at about 10 billion in the next century and then stabilize or even decline. ¡(popindex.Princeton.edu) A question immediately following the statement, can the Earth feed that many people? It is understood that even if food crops increase sufficiently, other renewable resources, including many fisheries and forests, are already under pressure.  ¡Our food production doubled from 1961 to 1994, but there are still people who go hungry. ¡ (popindex.Princeton.edu) This is because the human population has increased more rapidly than the food production. One of the well-known economists Thomas Robert Malthus claimed that there was an imbalance between population growth and our ability to produce food. In his famous work, An Essay on the Principle of Population, his principle of population was based on three main points: population cannot increase without the means of subsistence; population inv ariable increases when the means of subsistence are available; and the superior power of population cannot be checked without producing misery or vice. When taking into account Malthus ¡s principle of population it is evident that his fundamental analysis of population has been proven right. Since the earth ¡s resources are finite, when human population increases, it affects human beings. Will there be a problem if population keeps increasing? Rapid population growth and the technical development of society have led to difficulties for farmers worldwide to maintain this dual compatibility. In fact, today farmers face demands for a high productivity as well as environmentally sound, sustainable farming practices. Some economists believe human beings have the ability to produce enough food to feed all the people in the world, but according to Malthus ¡s theory, this cannot happen. When the number of people keeps increasing while the amount of available ...

5 Things You Didnt Know About Using Et Al.

5 Things You Didnt Know About Using Et Al. 5 Things You Didnt Know About Using Et Al. The phrase et al. is an integral part of many referencing systems, but it is also commonly misused in academic documents. Read on to find out more! 1. What Does Et Al. Mean? The phrase et al. is Latin for et alia, which means and others. It is therefore used in some referencing systems when there are too many authors to name in a single citation. 2. When Should I Use Et Al.? This depends on the referencing system used by your college, so remember to check your style guide! In most systems, however, it should  only ever be used when you are citing a source with more than three authors. The exact number of authors required before you should use et al. varies between referencing systems. In addition, some systems only use this term for repeat citations of sources with several authors (with all authors named in the first citation). 3. Should I Use It in the Bibliography? Not usually. As above, this may depend on the referencing system youre using, but typically the only place to use et al. is in the main text of your document. This is because most referencing systems specify naming every author in the bibliography or reference list. Some systems make an exception to this rule if the work you are citing has more than six or seven authors. APA referencing, for instance, specifies listing the first six names for sources with more than seven authors, followed by an ellipsis and the final named author. For a journal article with ten named authors, then, APA would require naming the first sixth and the tenth in your reference list. You have to feel a little sorry for authors seven through nine. 4. Do I Need the Period After Al.? Yes! Al. is a shortening of alia and always  needs a period to show that the word has been shortened, in the same way that we use a full stop for etc. and other Latin phrases. 5. Do I Need to Capitalize the Et? No! It is not a proper noun and would not usually appear at the start of a sentence. As such, it would be odd to capitalize it. It can be tricky to get little details like this right all the way through your essay. As such, if you want some help checking it over, just get in touch! We can help with all aspects of your work, including  proofreading,  formatting and checking the consistency of your references.

Value of Segmenting, Targeting and Positioning from a companys Essay

Value of Segmenting, Targeting and Positioning from a companys perspective - Essay Example All these steps are highly dependent on each other. Segmenting, targeting and positioning commonly called STP means establishing relationships with the right customers. Usually companies do this process in order to select the most suitable segment of the market in which they can perform their best. Another author has described these STP activities as the tool of communicating the personalized message to the relevant customers or the audience (Hanlon 2013). Segmenting means the process of dividing the whole potential market into certain divisions and segments on the basis of their needs, nature, purchasing power and many other characteristics. At first the market is divided and then every segment’s profile is made on the basis of their characteristics. There are a variety of factors which can be used as a segmentation base. These factors may include geographical base, demographics, psychographic and behavioral factors. Lifestyles, social classes and differences in personalities are certain other sub-factors which are important for the market researchers. Due to advancement in marketing techniques the segmentation bases has also been modified now (McAllister 2013). The homogeneity of the market segments makes it easy for the companies to generalize their research for the whole population of the segment (Rudra 2014). According to another author the 5Ws model clarify the process of segmentation i.e. Who, What, When, Where and Why. These all queries regarding customer will differentiate market segments (Richard 2013). Targeting means the process of identifying a segment which can be served easily. After segmenting definitely a company must not start to serve all the segments rather it would select those which seem to be attractive to be served. It is important here that the selection of target segment is only based on its attractiveness and potential customers. A target market or the segment is usually classified as the set of potential

Green computing or networking Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Green computing or networking - Research Paper Example ng is to conserve as much energy as possible, cut down on the usage of hazardous materials and also make the computer recyclable and more biodegradable after its’ been disposed off. It was the year 1992 when the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency took a giant step in promoting green computing not only in the US, but throughout the world. The Energy Star labeling program was launched that year, which recognized the computer peripherals and computer monitors which were energy efficient. The Energy Star program thus brought a new wave in the world of computers. The sleep mode was incorporated in a number of electronic equipment, including a few of the major computer operating systems, as a response to the popularity of the Energy Star labeling program. Green Computing was taken further when TCO Development, a company from Sweden rolled out its TCO Certification program, which basically certified the CRT monitors which had low magnetic emissions. By the turn of the millennium, there was no doubt that Green Computing had affected the computer industry in a big way. Commenting on Green Computing, Jason Harris (2008, p.13) states ‘Educating people about green computing is best done by the experts themselves- the computer consultants.’ The Government regulations and the efforts of several organizations for reducing hazardous materials in computers cannot go very far if the computer users don’t involve themselves with the Green Computing drive. Some steps from individuals which will maximize Green Computing include switching off the PC when its not being used for a long stretch of time, powering up computer peripherals such as the power consuming laser printing machines as and when printing is required., using of laptops and PDA’s instead of desktops whenever possible, using the Power Management feature in the Windows operating system, using alternative sources of energy to power the computer and networks, replacing the outdated and power hungry Cathode Ray

Pennsylvania Drunk Driving Laws Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Pennsylvania Drunk Driving Laws - Essay Example With the passage of Senate Bill 8 and the signature of the governor, Title 18 (Crimes and Offenses) 75 Pa. CS [3802] became the new law for Driving under the Influence of Alcohol or Drugs in Pennsylvania. The new law made sweeping changes to many aspects of this statute. Most notably, the limit for conviction for DUI was lowered from .10 to .08 percent blood alcohol content (BAC) which brought Pennsylvania in line with the guidelines established by the federal government. Another sweeping reform to the new law is found in its three tier system. For the first time there are variant levels enforcement based on the drivers BAC. These tiers are: .08 to less than .10; .10 to less than .16; and .16 and above (Madigan et al., 2003, screen 1). The varying tiers have increasing penalties for both repeat and first time offenders. All people arrested now with a BAC of .16 or greater regardless of whether a first offender or a repeat offend will be required to undergo a full drug and alcohol abuse assessment with no exceptions. If they are found to be dependent, in addition to other sanctions imposed, the court can order them to undergo an approved drug and/or alcohol treatment program. Additionally, as BAC level rise and/or the person are a repeat offender, the fines imposed are increased dramatically. Another change with the new legislation is the requirement for repeat offenders to have an ignition interlock system installed in their vehicle when they are eligible for a return of their license. The cost of installation rests with the offender. This type of system requires the driver to breathe into a tube which is, in effect, a breathalyzer, if alcohol is detected the system will not allow the car ignition to engage. This ignition interlock system is required to be maintained within the vehicle for one year upon receipt of their provisional driving privilege reinstatement. If a defendant is eligible for reinstatement of his driving privileges but does not have the locking system installed his driving suspension then remains in affect for an additional year (the period of time required to have the interlock system) (Madigan et al., 2003, screen 1). A brief synopsis of the various tiers and penalties is provided. A tier one offense for a first time offender where there was no personal injury or property damage. The penalties are: $300 fine, no license suspension, up to six months probation and attend

Communication Through Graphic Design Essay Example for Free

Communication Through Graphic Design Essay I’m going to college to earn a degree in Graphic Design. Graphic Design is the art or skill of combining text and pictures in advertisements, magazines, or books. My dream has always been to work for a large successful major business or company. I would love to live in the city and be able to drive down the high way or pick up a magazine and see my design in it for everyone to see. One of the biggest meanings of the word â€Å"design† is planning. To design is to come up with a plan for all elements of a project. I’ve always been really big on making plans. Like when I go to the mall I don’t like to just walk around aimlessly. I like to have a planned route of certain stores I’m going to go to, and in what order I’m going to go to them. I’ve never actually thought about the communication process when it comes to a career in Graphic Design. I always figured it was a career with little communication considering it’s all mostly done on the computer and independently. Depending on the job task, company, or person your doing a certain job for there has to be plenty on communication in order to get the project and design done. Which is a sender receiver type of communication. When going to create a design you must pay close attention to the person telling you what to design. So good communication skills are relevant to get a good job done and reach your bosses standards. Graphic Design is all about communicating images, ideas, and information visually. There are many different types of communication, Graphic Design is visual and non-verbal communication. For example, a billboard on the side of the road is still a form of communication even though there isn’t technically any talking going on. People drive by and still get the point and the message without any verbal communication. Some interesting history I never realized or thought about is that technically graphic design started back in the prehistoric period. With cavemen doing cave paintings and markings on boulders to relay a message to others. It’s interesting to think that people have been creating forms of non verbal communication through somewhat Graphic Design for quite some time now. Graphic Designs involves intrapersonal and interpersonal communication. This is because with this type of job comes lots of thinking, analyzing, listening, observing, questioning, and evaluating. Also I learned that there’s nonverbal physical means in Graphic Design such as; sign language, touch, eye contact, and body language by using design. It’s through communication that understanding, cooperation, and collaboration occur. Communication skills is way more important in Graphic Design than most would assume.

Abortion: A Woman Has the Right to Choose Essay -- Argumentative Essay,

As a man, I often struggle with the thought of being able to tell a woman what she can or can not do with her body. While I may not be fond of her hairstyle, make-up, or the revealing nature of her outfit, I understand it is her body and her decision to do with it as she would see fitting. However, while I let a women express her personal freedoms to choose, there are those that view the exact opposite. The United States was founded upon the principles that everyone is guaranteed the â€Å"certain unalienable rights†¦ of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness† according to the Declaration of Independence (1776). Consequently, by establishing laws that hinder a woman’s innate ability to select how she can and will live her life, we impede her opportunity to be a recipient of the rights that many men and women risk their lives for. Parenting is regarded as one of the most arduous jobs in the world. There is no instruction manual on how to educate, nurture, or r ear children, as each child is different from the next. Furthermore, it is a job in which you will always be on duty, there are no vacation or sick days, and you never get paid. Not only do women endure the child rearing part, often times alone, they must also provide and maintain a steady and financial home since they are responsible for a life that can not yet function viably as an adult. Lamentably, it is due to the demands of raising children that some women choose, since they feel they are not ready, to not become a mother. Although abortion is seen as the termination of a young life, it is ultimately the choice of the woman, not the government or the opinion of society to decide whether or not a woman can choose abortion as an alternative to pregnancy. An abortion is t... ...he feudal lifestyle where women were the homemakers and men were financial providers for the families. Women are now more independent and finically able to care for themselves and their families should they choose to have one. However, it is all dependant upon their choice, which is how it should be. Works Cited Anderson, K. (2001). Wartime Women: Sex Roles, Family Relations, and the Status of Women During World War II. Berkley Books, New York. Benson, L.D. (2000). The Wife of Bath‘s Tale. Retrieved from Harvard University: www.courses.fas.harvard.edu/~chaucer/. Honey, M. (1983). â€Å"The Working-Class Woman and Recruitment Propaganda during World War II: Class Differences in the Portrayal of War Work† Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 8 (4). 672-687. University of Chicago Press: Chicago. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/3173689

Industrial Dispute Tribunal

The Industrial Dispute Tribunal was conceptualized as an established permanent body for easier access to arbitration, an alternative to industrial action, and as an avenue for economic growth through its dispute settlement and income policy potential. According to George Phillip in his book A-Z of Industrial Relations Practice at the work place â€Å"Dispute may be defined as a quarrel between a worker and an employer or between a trade union and employer or between groups of unions and employers, relating to terms and condition of employment†. Industrial relations had its roots in the industrial revolution which created the modern employment relationship by initiating free labor markets and large-scale industrial organizations with thousands of wage workers. As society wrestled with these massive economic and social changes, labor problems arose. Low wages, long working hours, monotonous and dangerous work, and abusive supervisory practices led to high employee turnover, violent strikes, and the threat of social instability. In Jamaica 1938 the frustration of the working class which had built up over the years, became explosive. A wave of industrial unrest swept the country, with workers on the waterfront, in the sugar industry, transportation sector and the government service taking industrial action. Between January and June of 1938, there were several outbreaks of disturbances, beginning with a strike by cane cutters on the Serge Island Sugar Estate in St. Thomas. Other riots included the general strikes on the Kingston waterfront on May 21st and the strike by street cleaners on May 23rd. There were also other general strikes by dock and transport workers, municipal employees, as well as food and tobacco workers. However, one of the major industrial action that took place during this time was the Frome Riot of 1938. This riot had left six dead, fifty wounded and 89 charged with rioting. Frome was the breaking point in the seething unrest island wide over pay and conditions of work and massive unemployment. It was also the start of a series of strikes, demonstrations and disturbances in which Sir Alexander Bustamante played a major role. The riots which occurred throughout this period proved to be very significant as they were the catalysts for the improvement of working conditions for the working class. This was achieved through the formation of trade unions and political parties which lobbied for increased workers’ benefits and rights which eventually led to the granting of Universal Adult Suffrage in 1944, which was the right of all adults, regardless of class, sex, race, religion, etc. to vote. With all this labour unrest taking place there became a need for some sort of regulation that would govern the working condition and treatment of workers. As a result a law was instituted that govern labour relations in Jamaica. Industrial disputes in Jamaica were now settled through the route of Arbitration, provided for under the Public Utility Undertaking and Public Services Arbitration (PUUPSA) Law and the Trade Disputes Arbitration and Enquiry Law. The PUUPSA law established that it was illegal for workers to strike or for employers to declare a lockout in connection with any trade dispute. Unless the dispute had been properly reported to the Labour Minister and the Minister had failed to act within the time specified in the law. However, there were certain deficiencies in the law. One of these was the possibility of a strike occurring where there was no industrial dispute as defined and such action would not be illegal. Another was the absence of penalties written into law for the enforcement of awards. Also the arbitrator acting under the Arbitration Act did not have the power to reinstate a worker. It was even difficult to select an arbitrator by parties and this sometimes result in a very long process. Perhaps one of the major deficiencies is that Arbitrations only took place in the essential service under the PUUPSA, and in the event where the workers were represented by a union and the grievance procedure allowed for arbitration. The workers became very discontented with the manner in which grievances were handled by Arbitrators. The Government now felt that it was necessary to have a modern and permanent State machinery to determine and settle disputes expeditiously. In 1975 the PUUPSA law was repealed and incorporated into Labour Relations and Industrial Dispute Ac that sought to correct the omissions. This Act was passed in 1975 after much discussion and debate, the Act gave strength to companion Laws, which have generally assisted in improving living standards and giving more justice to workers as active participants in the Industrial relations process in the country. Under the Labour Relations and Industrial Dispute Act an employer is required to grant bargaining rights to a trade Union which secures a simple majority of the votes of employees eligible to vote in representational ballot. The Ministry of Labour conducts the ballot provided that is it satisfied with the claimant union has made out a prima facie case of representation following a comparison of the audited list submitted by the union or its membership in the establishment with the list of employees submitted by the employer. The LRIDA provided principally for the establishment of an Industrial Disputes Tribunal (IDT) as a final arbiter of disputes; compulsory recognition and protection against discrimination in respect of union membership; recognition of trade unions; settlement of disputes in the essential services; the setting up of a Board of Enquiry; a Labour Relations Code; and vesting the Minister of Labour with authority to declare a dispute to be one which is likely to gravely endanger the national interest and give him power to have the dispute put to compulsory arbitration. The Tribunal was also established to determine and settle industrial disputes and to promote industrial harmony. The industrial Dispute Tribunal consist of a Chairman and two deputy Chairmen and not less than two members representing employers and two representing workers and such special members as may from time to time be appointed to form a Special Division of the Tribunal. The appointments of the Chairman and Deputy Chairmen must be made by the Minister after consultation with organizations representing employers and employers and workers. The Minister may increase the number of persons comprising the tribunal if work increase and its necessary. The members representing employers and workers are appointed from panels supplied to the Ministry by organization representative of employers and workers, respectively. If there is no such panel the Minister may constitute a panel as he deems fit. These are now several divisions of the tribunal. In the case of a special Division of the Tribunal to settle disputes affecting the nation interest, the Chairman is appointed by the Minister on the joint recommendation of the parties involved and the other two members are appointed, respectively on the recommendation of the employer organization and the trade union involved. Reference of disputes to the Tribunal must be made through the Minister including the determination of the entitlement of categories of person to participate in a ballot under the procedure for settlement of representational claims to the Tribunal, when other mean of settlement failed to resolve the issue in disputes. In a reference by the Minister to the Tribunal of representational dispute, it shall be lawful for the Tribunal to determine the bargaining unit in which the workers may be included. In disputes affecting the Nation Interest the Minister may make an order calling on the parties to refrain from taking or continuing any industrial action for a period of 30 days. If there is no settlement within those 30 days, the Minister shall call upon the parties to select the chairman of a special Arbitration Tribunal with the employers and workers selecting their representative, respectively, which shall sit as a special division of the Tribunal to hear the dispute. If there is no agreement on the selection of the special Tribunal, the Minister shall refer the dispute to the Tribunal. In other disputes, reference to the Tribunal will be made on request of all the parties to the dispute where the Minister is satisfies that other means of settlement provided by Collective Agreement have failed to resolve the issue in the dispute. By the amending act of 1978 and a further amendment in 1986, the minister is empowered on his own initiative to refer a dispute to the Tribunal of he consider that the dispute should be settled expeditiously and where he is satisfied that attempts were made without success to settle the dispute or if, in his opinion, all the circumstances surrounding the dispute constitute such an urgent or exceptional situation that it would be expedient to do so. The Tribunal is not empowered to hear disputes relating to the appointment removal of or disciplinary action against any person holding public office. Disputes over representational rights of government employees are also not referred to the Tribunal. The award of the Industrial Dispute Tribunal are binding, except on a point of law, and shall not be inconsistent with national interest or any enactment regulating or controlling terms and conditions of employment. An award may be made with retrospective effect form a date earlier that the date on which the dispute first arose. Thus is particular so in the case of any claim with respect to a new bargaining unit. Roles & Functions Industrial Dispute may be defined as a quarrel between a worker and an employer or between a trade union and employer or between groups of unions and employers, relating to terms and condition of employment. Where a dispute has been referred to the Tribunal and the parties reach full agreement before the tribunal begins to deal with the dispute, the parties will have to furnish the Tribunal with a copy of the signed agreement and also a letter of request to the Minister to withdraw the dispute. If both parties did not reach an agreement the IDT will therefore initiate the procedure in settling the dispute. The secretary of the IDT will advised the parties (union/individual vs. firm) that a matter with stated terms of reference has been referred to it by the Minister of Labour. The parties may be then summoned to a preliminary hearing usually on a mutually agreed date. The hearing is conducted by a panel consisting of a chairman and two other members, as well as a secretary and one or two recording steno typist. Undertakings from both parties are given to provide written briefs in a specified period. Alternatively the IDT may by letter invite the parties to submit briefs within a specified period, written briefs must be concise and accurate. In the event that either party cannot prepare a brief by the deadline date, an extension of time must be sought in writing from the IDT. When the briefs are prepared by the party the company and/ or the union may wish to be represented at the hearing by an attorney-at- law or industrial relations professional. If so, the parties must supply the representatives with all the pertinent facts to ensure accuracy of detail in preparing briefs, submission maybe elaborated verbally at the hearing. When the briefs have been submitted by both parties, the Tribunal will schedule a meeting. Opening submission from aggrieved side, usually the union will begin the hearing. Witnesses maybe summoned, documents maybe presented along with all relevant evidence submitted in support of the case. When the hearing is completed an award is handed down. Arbitrators are governed by the term of reference. The Tribunal must ensure that awards are capable of being implemented. If it is, at least two members of the panel a simple majority must sign the award in order for it to be binding; this award from the IDT is binding on all parties. If there is a disagreement among members of the panel about the terms of the award a minority report may be submitted but the members disagreeing with the award should consider whether it is appropriate to write a minority report. This may be necessary where the arbitrator feels that his reputation maybe damage or where he feels that it is essential to set out his reason. His disagreement is recorded on the award document. If all three disagree the award maybe handed down by the chairman. The chairman of the panel might also seek clarification of the award in doing this he might sit alone or with other members and invite all parties to attend the sitting. Clarification of the awards may also be provided by the panel in writing, but without out a sitting. On the contrary, the awards may be appealed in the Supreme Court if there is a breach of law, insobriety of one or all panelists; or insanity of panelists. The decision made by the Supreme Court on an appeal is binding on all parties, but there are provisions for further appeals through the judicial machinery to the Privy Council in England. An award may be retroactive but it must not precede the date when the dispute first arose. Tribunals have the function of a civil court to enforce the law but are not restricted by the rules and procedures of an ordinary court. The Industrial Dispute tribunal has the advantage of being quicker, cheaper, and more informal, have great discretionary power and can be staffed by expert in the field. On the other hand, IDT have disadvantages by being less precise than the ordinary court. All the matter arises in Industrial relations are referred to the TDT because tribunal only deals with civil law. Employee rights such as redundancy payment, discrimination, unfair dismissal and maternity leave are matters that are referred to the tribunal. Often it is the interest of both parties to resolve the situation as quickly and as cheaply as possible. To this end tribunals serve a useful purpose. The Industrial Dispute Tribunal performs its task on its own merit and as such they have the power to make awards that are binding and are deemed to be final. These awards can only be overturned on a point of law this means only where the decision of the tribunal may be in error can an appeal be made. The tribunal also has the power to summon any person before to give evidence or produce documents and records in control of that person. Another function of the tribunal is that it may also administer an oath or take an affirmation of any witness appearing before it; the tribunal may conduct it hearing in private for the purpose of hearing evidence. If industrial action is threatened or has begun and the dispute is referred to the tribunal it can order that such industrial action not take place or cease from such time. If the order is disobeyed, offenders may be prosecuted. No action may be taken against members of the tribunal in respect of action done during the course of operations. Where three of the members are selected to constitute a division of the Tribunal and the chairman is one of those members, he shall preside over that division, and where the chairman is not one of those members, a deputy chairman shall preside. In addition where three members of the Tribunal constitute a division thereof and any one of those members dies or is incapacitated after the division begins to deal with the industrial dispute in relation to which it was constituted but before it has made its award, another person shall be selected in accordance with the provisions to fill the vacancy; thereafter the proceedings of the division shall be begun de novo unless all the parties to the dispute agree in writing that those proceedings may be continued as if they had not been interrupted by reason of such death or incapacity. A division of the Tribunal may, by agreement between the chairman of the Tribunal and the parties to the dispute with which the division proposes to deal, be assisted by one or more assessors appointed by the employer or an organization representing the employer and an equal number of assessors appointed by the trade union representing the workers. Where any division of the Tribunal is being assisted by assessors and any vacancy occurs in the number of assessors, that division may, by agreement between the person presiding and the party which appointed the assessor whose place has become vacant, either act not withstanding such vacancy or permit another assessor to be appointed by that party to fill the vacancy. Any industrial action taken in contemplation or furtherance of an industrial dispute in any undertaking which provides an essential service is an unlawful industrial action unless that dispute was reported to the Minister in accordance and he failed to comply or that dispute was referred to the Tribunal for settlement and the Tribunal failed to make an award within the period specified in. The Minister may, as soon as he is satisfied that any unlawful industrial action in contemplation or furtherance of an industrial dispute in an undertaking which provides an essential service has begun, refer that dispute the Tribunal for settlement. Where an industrial dispute exists in any undertaking which provides an essential service and the Minister is satisfied that the dispute relates to the appointment of any person to a public office or to removal of, or disciplinary action taken against, any person holding or acting in a public office, the Minister shall not refer the matter of that appointment, or removal or disciplinary action to the Tribunal but shall cause to be served on the parties directions in writing requiring them to follow, in respect of that matter, the procedure provided by or under the Constitution of Jamaica.